2.
   2021
/  
 
(   )
: 3     :100
:             
1.        
2.        
3.        
4.            
5.   '   
6.       
7.      
8.           
2.
   2021
/  
 
(   )
: 3     :100
:             
1.        
:           ,      
         15
       
    ,   ,    ,   
    
           -
    
   -    
       
                
    
1.     ()
                 
    ,    " "    ,
     
          
   
        ,     

     '         ,  
 
         
 
2.
         
 ,   
 
  ,              
    '       
 
  :
     ,        , , ,   
 '    

2. :    
    ,   1469       ,   
         ,    
        
         -      
        :
 -      
 -    
 -    ,    
         
    
      
       :
"  
,   
"
  ,        ,     

3.   -   
                 
    ( )  
         ,         
         ,  -       , 
    
 
   '  :
2.
  


 
            ,     '
         
  
:
  
            
4.     
           
     ,             
     
     :
    
     


         
           
:    ,      
      
  :
       ,      
5.  ( )  
       ,         
 
,   '    -    -       
        
 ,       
   
 ,   
2.
   
 :

 


                 
-      
6.   -   
1699 ,         ,        
        
       ,     :
-  ,       
-      
 
-            
 
-            
-     - 
 
   
 -  ,        


7.     
            
              ,  :
  
 
 
  ,     :
 
 
 
2.
 :
         
8. -   
            ,  
        
       :
   
    
   
   
       
 -     
    
        
 
9.     
              
           
,    ,     
 :
         -         
 
           
10.  
       
2.
    
   
       
    ,           

             


 :
 
    ,      

              
  -    , ,  ,  , 
  -             
      
       
         
      
   
 
2.        
:    
 ,   15
            
,          ,     25   
 ,       ,       ,
      - , ,   
  -            
   
1.    
       , , , ,   
   
,      
   
       
 
      -    
   
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
 -      
      
2.   
  (, , , , )      
,   -    ,  ,   -  
           
  ,   ,     ,  
        
3.    
 ,           
        (SGPC)   
    
  ,       
  ',          ,
          
 
4.    
:          
    
   :      
          
 :   ,       
  
 : ,  ,      
   
5.   
      :
o ,         

o -       
o     ( )  ,     
               
 
6.   
2.
  ,     
     
   -   ,      
    
,            
      
7.    
 ,   ',        
 ,          
 
              
  
8.  
     '  :
o  ,  ,       
   
o  ,   ,  ,    
 
 
 
    - '    :   ( 
),   ( ),    (   )
 
         
 :
      ,      
 ,         
  
 ,  ,       
 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :             
 -               
3.        
:    " "   ,    ,  
      ,     
  -   
  ,  ,       
        
2.
  
                15

,   , ,          
        ,     
  
        
     ,          
,             
 
 ,    ,         
  '   
        ,         
  -   
,      
  
   
           ,  ,
      
    '  '    
             
    
  ,             
             ,  
   , ,      
    :
"  ,     "
   
      '   ,    
     
        
  
,    '      -       
  
;             
,       
2.
         ,       , 
         ,   (    )  

     
     ,    
        
        ,    '    
 
:   
            
       ',        
      '    -    ""   
       :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
           
                   

  :  
        ,         
             
                 
  -       
         ,        
        
      :          
     
2.
   - 
 :
 ( ):        
 ,   
  
:     
 :    
 ,     
 -       
   
    '              
 
         
 ,    
            
     :
1.   
       '      
2.  
          
 
3.  
            
 
4.   
    ,     '   
  ,              
      
   
  ,            
  ',      '  ,    
              
2.
      
 ,        
 ,       
,            -   
   
 
 ,                 
    
         
          ,     
     
  , , -,          
 
  ,       
          
      
  
  

   

     ,   ,       ?
  ,     
   ,     
  -
         
       - 
   
           
      ,   -   ,   
               
     
        

2.
     
        ,  
  :
        
 
       
    
    ,         -    
      

          
  , ,   
   
       ,         
   -       
    
    
 
,         
;      
    
 ,    ,     
   ,    ,     , 
     
          ,      

     -    ,   ,      

4.            
:       
1699                
         
      
      ,      '    
   ,     
1.  
2.
       ,        ,  
         
17
   ,         
     ,       
               
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :              
      
2.    - , 1699
13  1699             
           
- ,     -     ( )   
:
o   
o   
o   
o   
o   
       
        
  
      ,       
    
 
3. ""  
     ""  "   "
        ,      ,  
   
4.    -  
       
    :
1.  (  ):      
2.  (  ):    
3.  (  ):        
 
4.  ( ):    
5.  ():      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          - 

2.
5.   
          :
: , ,    
:      
:     
:  ()         ( )
:    ( )    ( ) 
6.   
          
              
 
         ,  ,  
   
 
7.        
         ,     


       ,      
   
  ,         
5.   '   
:      ,       
        
     
    ,        ,   
      ,    
   ,  
             
        
     ,         
 
     ,  
 ,        

 
2.
   ?
             ( )   
()              
              

       
     ,    
      
    ,             '  ,
          ,        
         
             ,   
  
            
 
   
?
               
 (16 )     (10 )   (7 )      
         ,     () ,
                  
           
      :
     
          
      
        
               
       ,         
 
     ?
   ,         '     
     '    
2.
 , 
 '  ,   16  
          :
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7…16
          :
4 + 4 + 4 + 4
         
     
           , 

         '      
    
         '  
1.  
               ,    
     
   ,          
2.   
                
   
     ,          
3.  ( )    
    
    ( ),  (  ),
  (  )
    ,           
 ,             
4.     
2.
          - ,  ,  

      ,       
               
   
5.   
   ,            
     
      ,       

 
          
    
   -   
       16       
             
   :
"-     "
,     :
 4 →   '   4 '   
        
     ,          '   

      
     
 -  ,     
2.
            '  
:
  
                
     
    
           
 
       
               
   
  
 
     
              
   
   
          
 -    
          ,     
  
      ,      
     
 ,        ,       
 ,           
     
?

2.
      ,         

           ,     
            
, -      , -   
      
              
      
 
          ,     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
   -    ,   -   
     ,      

            , 
               
,         ,    
          
     ,      
   

               
6.       
:               

,   ,            
 "  "  "  ",              
               ,
       
2.
1.     
       
      ,    ,      
  , ,        ,     
   
 
     
,   ,    
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :           
  
2.   
     :
  ( ):          () '
     '  ,     
 :          ,  
 ()   
 :        ,     
  
 :   , ,      

3.    
a)  
  ()  
      
,         
 ( ), ,       
)  
 
   ,     
       
   
    
     
    
c)  
 ,  ( )  - 
2.
     
          
4.    
     '  :
:, , ,     '   
 (): ,         - 
 ():    
:  ' ,    ,     
:     ' 
5.    
     ,        
 ,         
       ,      
 
           
  
6.    
 :         
 
 
 : ,       
 :    ,   - 
 
 :       ,    
    
7.      
:              
           
,    " "           
;   ,          -   
 ,    ,  ,       

2.
        
 -   ,  
    ,        
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌     ?
      1469    (  )   
  ,            ,   
   '   
-    ,     ,     
    '        ,    ,
   
            
   ' :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"  
,   
 -       
  
"
     
 
󺥊󺥹󺥌󺥍󺥎󺥏󺥐󺥑󺥒󺥓󺥺󺥻󺥼󺥽󺥾󺥿󺦀󺦁       
?
      ,  ,          
     , ,       
 
?
   
:
       
     
        '   
      
  
 -     ,   ,   
    
       
     
   :      

󷇮󷇭  (  )
2.
              
       :



 , 
   - 
 ,          
 ,   
              ,   
      
         
    , "          , 
       

 ?"
       
,   -      
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       ,   
󷨰󷨱󷨲󷨳󷨴󷨵  (  )
   ,              
         
       -         
 
   ?
   ,           
      

 :
2.
     

       
       
    ,       
      

󽆯  (  )
           -      
   
              ,     
  
  
                
         
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"     
,        "
   :
    ( )
    ( )
   ( )
          
󹼸󹼹󹼺󹼻  (  )
               
      
 
 ,                
    , "            !"
2.
        :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"          
"
    -       ,       
  :
   
      
󽆪󽆫󽆬     's 
      20-25   ,    28,000  
   -      
      :
󷄧󼿒  
󷄧󼿒  
󷄧󼿒  
󷄧󼿒   
󷄧󼿒      
-            
         -        
󷊻󷊼󷊽    
?
            
     
  

  , :
    
-     
   
    
2.
     
         
󹼯󹼰󹼱󹼳󹼲 
     ,        ,  
        
     
      :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
           ,       
    
󽇐
       -    
 -   
   
               
            
500     ,    
 
       ,     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"      ,    "
8.           
:           
   ( )     ( )       
                
2.
               
--       
1.    (1595-1644) -  
             ,  1606 
    
        ,      
            
 -    :
o  ( ):    
 
o  ( ):    


         ,  
   
        
        (    ) ,  
       
   ,         
 ,           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :           
      
2.    (1630-1661) -  
        
       ,  ,    '  
            
  '    
    -       ,   
     
       -    ,  
         
         ,   
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            
 ,  
         
3.    (1656–1664) –  
        ,         
          
2.
   ,    ( )        
     
    ,       '  
    ,         
       ,       
             1664     
    
         ,     
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :             , 
    
4.        


 

-   ,   ,   
 '  
 

    ,     ' 
 

     ,     
   
5.    
        -   ,  
    
     '        ,  
    
      ( )    
  
              
      

"              
 
       ,       
 "